Oil Spills May Happen For Many Reasons - 1512 Words

Oil Spills may happen for several reasons. 1. When oil tankers have equipment faults. When oil tankers break down, it may get stuck on shallow land. When the tanker is attempted to move out of shallow land, abrasion may cause a hole in the tanker that will lead to large amounts of oil being released into the oceanic bodies. However, although this form of oil spill is the most commonly known and has the highest media attention, only 2% of oil in water bodies is a result of this action. 2. from nature and human activities on land. The large majority of oil spilled is from natural seeps geological seeps from the ocean floor as well as leaks that occur when products using petroleum or various forms of oil are used on land, and the oil is washed off into water bodies. 3. Water Sports. Other causes of oil spills are spills by petroleum users of released oil. This happens when various water sports or water vehicles such as motorboats and jet skis leak fuel. 4. Drilling works carried out in sea. When drilling works carried out in the sea, the oil and petroleum used for such activities are released into the sea, thus causing an oil spill. An oil spill on Philippines’ shore Effects of oil spills Such oil spills are considered forms of pollution. Oil spills also have highly adverse effects on the environment. These oil spills greatly affect animals, which may in turn sometimes lead to animals getting endangered. Animals may be affected because oil spillsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Ethics in the Workplace - Bp Oil Spill1729 Words   |  7 PagesEthics in the Workplace Case Study: BP Oil Spill On April 20, 2010 off the Gulf of Mexico, there was a blowout of the Macondo well which is owned by British Petroleum also known as BP. When the blowout took place it got immediate media attention because aspects of the event were known over the world. Within events transpiring it was discovered how limited the resources and reaction to the disaster was going to be. This paper will detail aspects of the event from symptoms of the problem, the rootRead MoreEffects Of Pollution On Wildlife952 Words   |  4 Pagesthe united states and all around the world. Oil spills are very bad and have huge affects on wildlife, toxic metals like lead kill many animals each year, pesticides are thought to be good for crops but have bad affects on wildlife. All these factors have a huge toll on wildlife. Oil spills are one of the worst things that can happen to wildlife. For example the Exxon Valdez oil spill that occurred on March 24, 1989 was the worst oil spill to ever happen in North American waters. A tanker from PrudhoeRead MoreOcean Pollution Essay787 Words   |  4 PagesThe oil spills are being caused by the one who spill it should be responsible and the only one who makes oil is companies are the ones who makes oil so they should pay for the damage beside the earth is already been damaged by us so I think people should help the earth beside humans are the ones who needs earth.The companies who spill oil into oceans should pay for clean up. The earth is being damage already and humans are the ones who need the earth not the earth needs the humans because of theRead MoreDrilling For Oil And Gas Drilling1030 Words   |  5 Pagescommunities. However this place is very Fragile and we, as American citizens should not let such thing happen. Drilling for oil in the Artic is ju st going harm the environment. In addition, there isn’t going to be any major progress in the economy. Oil and gas drilling seems to be a dirty business. The reason I say this is because people don’t really think about what would happen to the wilderness when oil and gas drilling moves in. The First thing we tend to observe is the disruption of wildlife migrationRead MoreEffects Of You Drill, You Spill716 Words   |  3 PagesYou Drill, You Spill If you’ve ever enjoyed a long walk on the beach, or a steaming plate of crab legs, then you have the Gulf of Mexico to thank for that. So much of our economy and ecosystem here in Florida, is reliant on the gulf. However, for being such an important part of our lives we haven’t been treating it very nicely as of late. We have built ugly oil rigs smack in the middle of it, drilled deep holes right through its core, and worst of all spilled gallons of oil into its pristine watersRead MoreThe Spill Of The Deepwater Horizon1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthat laid drawn-out through 5,000 feet of water. As a result, the oil begin pouring from the damaged pipes into the ocean nearby, at the incredible rate. The Deepwater Horizon was built in 2001, and was owned by the Transocean Ltd. There are many people who blame the owners of the oil drilling company and its associates for allowing the disaster to occur on its watch. The resulting explosions at Deepwater Horizon and the oil s pill that occurred after, enraged millions of people around the world.Read MoreThe Keystone Xl Pipeline Project Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesXL Pipeline Project has many pros and cons just as any project does, but this project has way bigger cons than most projects this country will face today. â€Å"The Keystone XL Pipeline is an environmental crime in progress.† â€Å"It’s also been called the most destructive project on the planet.† The major issues with the Keystone XL Pipeline are â€Å"the dirty tar sands oil, the water waste, indigenous populations, refining tar sands oil and don’t forget the inevitable; pipeline spills.† And these are just someRead MoreThe Keystone Xl Pipeline Is The Endurance Of Todays Society1734 Words   |  7 PagesOil is imperative to the endurance of today’s society and plays a major role in the world’s economy. The Keystone XL Pipeline is a crude oil pipeline that is designed to run from â€Å"Hard isty, Alberta†¦to Steele City, Nebraska,† (About The Project). Citizens of Canada and the United States are debating the development of the pipeline. There are two sides to this issue, to either approve or disapprove the Keystone XL Pipeline, and by researching this topic I will form an opinion. Most of the KeystoneRead MoreThe British Petroleum Oil Spill and Lack of Response Essay examples1453 Words   |  6 PagesThe British Petroleum Oil Spill and Lack of Response Last year, news spread of an oil spill off the Gulf Coast. These events occur periodically and usually register much media attention. As British Petroleum (BP) executives could not shut off the crude oil or prevent the damage it caused, people took notice. Millions of dollars in tourism, commerce and sales were lost. Thousands of wildlife acres and ecosystems were also compromised. There were more questions than answers. What BP did to alleviateRead MoreThe Keystone Xl ( Kxl ) Pipeline1314 Words   |  6 PagesIn the October of 2015, oil prices have dropped to their lowest since 2008 and Canada has lost over 35,000 jobs, and the value of the loonie has dropped to a mere 77 cents compared to the U.S. Dollar. As Canada desperately clings onto the failing economy, it turns its attention to The Keystone Pipelines. The Keystone XL (KXL) pipeline was an idea proposed in 2008 by the TransCanada energy company, to deliver 830,000 barrels of oil each day beginning in Hardisty, Alberta, and extending south to Steele

The Issue Of Political Corruption - 1791 Words

The issue of political corruption is as persistent as it is prevalent; that is to say, it exists ambiguously, politically, and in undefined terms. Generally, political corruption is understood to mean a breach of the public trust in the course of a politician’s duties (Huigens 2010). In any democracy that is truly ‘for the people by the people,’ it should be easy to weed out the corrupt politicians. That said, the corruption of any one politician does not always translate to a different election outcome and some electors may benefit from a corrupt representative (Ionescu 2013). This is because of the ambiguous and political environment in which political corruption occurs. Since politicians have the power to create laws, they do not willingly create laws that criminalize their actions. This has led for the expansion of ‘honest services mail fraud’ by the courts to include politicians’ actions (Huigens 2010). However, the courts have not always been consistent. Sometimes actions of the courts create strain on a politician such that they could not get elected without first getting corrupted (Issacharoff 2010). This process has the effect of shifting representatives’ power from the people to corporations (Evertsson 2013). Still, with a high profile enough case, a corrupt politician can be outrooted by the ballot box (Ionescu 2015). However, organizational deviance has a causal effect on relevant actors (Tatham 2016) especially when the issue is as widespread as Mr. SilverShow MoreRelatedThe Mexican Political System Of Mexico1407 Words   |  6 Pages Corruption has long been considered a characteristic feature of the Mexican political system that can be explained as the misuse of public power primarily by elected politicians for their private gains. Mexico suffers from high levels of poverty, inequality, and low economic growth that lead to corruption. Mexico ranks 79th out of 99 in the World Justice Proj ect’s international rule of law index, and is still behind Chile, Colombia, and Brazil. â€Å"On paper, Mexico has well-establishedRead MoreThe World Bank s Anti Corruption Policy Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesBank’s Anti-Corruption policy can be improved through the adaption of a Political Economy Analysis (PEA) framework. Since John Wolfensohn, then President of the World Bank, addressed the ‘cancer of corruption’ as a major impediment to growth in 1996 the World Bank has adopted a mounting concern over corruption. Today, the Bank’s fixation on corruption incorporates concerns over ‘good governance’, particularly in underdeveloped countries. Corruption and governance are political issues by nature. YetRead MoreThe Politics Of Mexico And China1737 Words   |  7 Pagesdislodging of an authoritarian political party from presidency in 2000 made many optimistic about Mexico’s move towards democracy. Similarly, China, a fractur ed authoritarian state, has been showing increasing signs of democracy. Due to its economic and political trends, many argue that China is well on its way towards becoming a democracy. However, despite these trends, there is a problem in that the politics in both Mexico and China remain riddled with corruption. This complex issue raises the question ofRead MoreIs Corruption A World Issue?1397 Words   |  6 Pagesof this paper was to research a global issue which, from our opinion was affecting the world and divulge as much of that information as possible to be able to share with the class as well as make an informed monologue about said topic. My topic of choice is corruption. â€Å"A world Issue can be defined as a situation or problem that occurs on a global scale that has long lasting impacts and requires a complex solution† (World Issues class 2015-2016). Corruption definitely occurs on a global scale. NotRead MoreCorruption Of African Democratic Functioning772 Words   |  4 PagesCorruption has been an emerging issue in Africa within the context of government administration systems. Corruption in Africa involves the unprofessional conduct of authority of those who hold power and people in authority misuse the power by looking for personal increase which they are assigned. Segregation and poverty increase do to corruption, because of politics that are living a bountiful life, many of Africans are lacking from their basic needs such as education, housing, food, right to useRead MoreCRITICALLY EXAMINING THE IMPACT OCORRUPTION ON THE AFRICAN ECONOMIES: PUBLIC COICE900 Words   |  4 Pagesgold, diamond, crude oil, but it is one of the most underdeveloped regions world-wide due to corruption, which is a major constraint to wealth creation and African economic growth. Public choice is all about applying the methods of economics to the study of politics. Corruption can be resolved by incorporating insights from the theory of public choice into the d esign and execution of the new anti-corruption programs. The insights include the introduction of relevant rules, reforming existing lawsRead MoreCorruption Of The Russian Government1606 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Over the past decade (from 2004 to 2014), political corruption in Russia government is gradually uncovered by some global medias and organizations. Such tendency not only repainted the entire landscape of Russia government, but also raised public awareness on the significance of preventing a greater deterioration of this political phenomenon worldwide. This report aims to prove such political phenomenon is unethical through the comparison with code of conduct, and to provide tangible measuresRead MoreThe Country Of Moldova And The European Union1681 Words   |  7 Pagescomplex and serious ongoing issue with their government system. Moldova is one of the poorest countries in all of Europe and has been tossed around between Russian and Romanian control since the 16th century. It only officially declared its sovereignty from its last owner, Russia, in 1990, its independence in 1991, and became a part of the United Nations in 1992. Even though it finally gained its independence, Mold ova just cannot win for losing. It seems no matter what political decisions they make, theyRead MorePolitical Corruption And Its Effect On Society Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pages Corruption is one disease that seems to be everywhere. Different nations of the world experience corruption in different ways, areas and levels. Although there are different ways corruption affect nations, one fact that most people can agree on is that most often corruption tends to destroy a country rather than build it. I stand corrected but every country is corrupted in one way or the other because there’s no one clear way of defining corruption. Using the Merriam Webster definitionRead MoreThe Rich And Large Corporations Get Richer967 Words   |  4 PagesIn Sander’s (2011) book, upon reviewing it, a few topics came up. Sanders speaks specifically on how in the United States there are a plethora of corporate greed and corruption. Like Sanders (2011) quotes in his book: T he rich and large corporations get richer, the CEOs earn huge compensation packages, and when things get bad, don t worry; Uncle Sam and the American taxpayers are here to bail you out. But when you are in trouble, well, we just can t afford to help you, if you are in the working

Night Creature Blue Moon Chapter 13 Free Essays

string(43) " one phone call to make before I could go\." â€Å"What the hell was that?† I asked. â€Å"I was going to ask the very same question.† I glanced at Mandenauer. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 13 or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was staring at me and not the wolf. I looked back. The thing was gone. I rubbed my eyes. Tried again. Still gone. â€Å"Where is it?† â€Å"The wolf ran off, along with all the others.† â€Å"But†¦ but†¦ I hit it.† â€Å"Are you certain?† The wolf had jerked, jumped, fallen. â€Å"Yes, 1 hit it.† â€Å"Apparently, not well enough.† Which wasn’t like me. What I hit, I hit very well indeed. â€Å"Why did you shoot, Officer?† â€Å"Didn’t you see that thing?† I shuddered, remembering those eyes. Wolves had light eyes – yellow, greenish, hazel. This one’s had been brown – nothing to write home about except for the unusual flash of white and their expression. A calculated hatred and too human intelligence. I never would have thought intelligence could be evident in the eyes, but I was wrong. â€Å"Of course I saw it,† Mandenauer answered. â€Å"I was waiting for the others to show themselves before I shot. They were all infected, Officer.† I winced. I’d screwed up and now we had nothing to show for our hours of patience. â€Å"How do you know they were all infected?† â€Å"They were coming in like a Special Forces operation.† â€Å"And how would you know that?† Mandenauer peered down his long, bony nose. â€Å"I know.† Special Forces? Him? â€Å"You’re losing it, Mandenauer. How could a group of wolves, supervirus or not, use Special Forces tactics? How could they get to us up here?† â€Å"We will never know now that you scared them off before I could adequately gauge what they were planning.† I stifled the urge to apologize. This guy was nuts. Wolves with human intelligence? Even after I’d seen those eyes, I found that hard to swallow. The amount of planning he was talking about was beyond an animal, enhanced or not. How did they devise their strategy, by drawing pictures in the dirt with their paws? â€Å"I thought wolves rarely attacked people.† â€Å"These are more than wolves.† More than wolves? What did that mean? I could ask, but then he’d probably tell me. I needed to talk to Clyde and a few others before I started questioning Mandenauer. I was having serious doubts about his sanity. After flicking the safety on my rifle, I reached for the rope used to lower weapons to the ground. â€Å"Where are you going?† Mandenauer sat on the floor of the tree stand with his back against one plank wall. â€Å"Back to work?† â€Å"This is your work now.† I glanced at the woods where the wolves had disappeared. â€Å"But – â€Å" â€Å"Now that they know we are here they may be back. It isn’t safe to be on the ground until morning.† â€Å"You mean we have to sit up here all night?† He shrugged and snuggled his shoulders into the corner. â€Å"Wake me if they return.† Then he closed his eyes and went to sleep, just like that. Morning came – eventually. But none of the wolves did. I observed a lot of wildlife that night, but nothing out of the ordinary. A raccoon or three, an opossum, a doe and two fawns tripped through just before dawn. Man-denauer slept through everything. When the sun spread bright fingers of light across the floor of the tree stand, I kicked Mandenauer’s boot. He came awake in an instant. I could tell by his face he knew where he was. I wouldn’t have. The only people I knew who could come out of a deep sleep and function immediately were ex-military. The longer I knew Man-denauer the more interesting he became. He glanced into the clearing. â€Å"Nothing,† he stated. I didn’t bother to answer what hadn’t been a question. We lowered our rifles to the ground, then followed them down, returning to town in silence. Mandenauer must have gotten a car from somewhere, since he’d met me at the station, so instead of dropping him at his cabin, I took him back where I had found him. Zee was already gone and a new fresh face sat in her place. I wondered where they’d gotten this one. She appeared to be all of twelve years old – fine blond hair, huge blue eyes, porcelain pale skin – she would have been pretty except for that nose. Poor thing had a beak like a hawk. â€Å"Morning, Jessie,† she chirped. Someone had neglected to tell her she should never talk to me before breakfast. Clyde must have been waiting for us, because he barreled out of his office almost as soon as we walked in. â€Å"Gonna make my day?† The youngster murmured, â€Å"Sudden Impact.† Maybe she was smarter than she looked. â€Å"No, sir,† I answered. Set to launch into an explanation of how it was all my fault, I was shocked when Mandenauer put a heavy, staying hand on my shoulder. â€Å"This will take time,† he said. Clyde chewed hard and fast on his first chew of the morning. â€Å"I went to Miss Larson’s house. Nothing unusual there.† â€Å"Any indication of why she might have been out on the road at three a.m.?† â€Å"None. I doubt we’ll ever know the answer to that. Hell, maybe she just couldn’t sleep.† â€Å"I hate loose ends,† I muttered. â€Å"You, me, and the rest of the free world.† Clyde stalked back into his office and slammed the door. â€Å"He is upset.† I glanced at Mandenauer and tamped down on the urge to say, â€Å"No shit.† The old man was staring at the door to Clyde’s office with a contemplative expression. â€Å"He doesn’t do well with change. Rabid wolves, citizens eating each other, that’s new around here.† â€Å"Hmm. Then we’d best obtain some results for the sheriff. I will meet you tonight?† â€Å"Same bat time, same bat channel,† I agreed. Mandenauer appeared confused. His knowledge of classic television trivia was no doubt sorely lacking. But at least he didn’t ask me to explain. 1 was not in the mood. What I was, was tired and sore from lounging in that tree stand all night. I wanted food and my pillow, but I had one phone call to make before I could go. You read "Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 13" in category "Essay examples" Mandenauer headed for the parking lot; 1 headed for what passed as my office – a desk among all the other desks – but at least no one else was in the room. Then I looked up the number for the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta. â€Å"This is Officer Jessie McQuade of the Miniwa, Wisconsin, PD,† I began. â€Å"I†¦ Uh, well, you see, we have a tiny problem here.† How did I explain something that sounded like I’d read it in a fantasy novel? One that had a cheesy, car-toonish, snarling, slavering wolf on the cover? I took a deep breath and told the switchboard operator everything that I knew. To the woman’s credit, she didn’t collapse into giggles right away. Who knows what she did after she transferred my call to Dr. Hanover. â€Å"Elise Hanover.† The voice on the other end of the line was clipped – all business and very busy. I began my story all over again, but she interrupted me after only a moment. â€Å"Yes, yes. I know about the new rabies strain.† â€Å"You do?† â€Å"Of course. I’m working on that problem right now.† â€Å"You are?† An impatient sigh drifted several hundred miles. â€Å"Officer, what is it you want to know?† What did I want to know’ ? That Mandenauer wasn’t a psycho with a gun? That he hadn’t made up this rabies crap so he could go bonkers in our forest and start killing every wolf that he saw? I guess I knew that now. But as long as I had an expert on the line†¦ â€Å"Is this a terrorist infiltration?† Dr. Hanover snorted. â€Å"Like I’d tell you if it was?† Good point. â€Å"Relax,† she said. â€Å"Everything that goes to hell in our country isn’t the result of a terrorist.† â€Å"Yeah, tell it to the media.† Silence met my snarl. I waited for the click of the phone or the request for my superior’s phone number. Instead the doctor chuckled. â€Å"You’re a woman after my own heart, Officer.† I blinked, uncertain what to say to that. I wasn’t used to female friendliness. The two words were mutually exclusive in my book. I’d spent my childhood with the boys. I liked them – still did. Boys didn’t smile in your face and stab you in the back. They kicked your ass; then they were done. I prefer my hostility out in the open where I can see it. My only girlfriend was Zee, and she wasn’t much of a girl. But her hostility was definitely out in the open. Zee was a woman after my own heart. When I sat there like a lump too long, Dr. Hanover filled in the silence. â€Å"The virus is a result of nature, Officer. You’ve heard, I’m sure, that certain infections are becoming resistant to antibiotics because of overuse of medication?† â€Å"Yes. I also know that infections are different from viruses and antibiotics aren’t worth dick if you have the flu. Since rabies is basically the flu on acid, what difference does resistance to antibiotics make?† â€Å"None whatsoever. I was using an analogy. The rabies virus is mutating to get around the vaccine.† â€Å"I was told if anyone else was bitten we should use the rabies vaccine.† â€Å"For humans, that’s true. The only help for animals is a bullet.† â€Å"Those I got.† â€Å"Silver?† â€Å"Excuse me?† I could not have heard her right. â€Å"Silver bullets work best.† It was my turn to snort. â€Å"Doctor, have you been watching too many Lon Chaney movies?† â€Å"Who?† She was either too young to remember the Wolf Man – hell, I was too young, except I liked black-and-white horror movies – or too much of a brainiac to watch movies at all. â€Å"Never mind,† I said. â€Å"You’re kidding me about the silver bullets, right?† â€Å"Sorry, but no. We’ve discovered the mutated virus reacts negatively to silver.† â€Å"Dead is dead in my book. What difference does it make how?† â€Å"You’d be surprised. I’ve had reports of animals with a nonkill wound dying if a silver bullet was used. What can it hurt? Dead is dead, right?† I heard the amusement in her voice as she threw my own words back at me. â€Å"Where the hell do I get silver bullets? Werewolves ‘ R’Us?† â€Å"Try the Internet. You can buy anything there.† The phone went dead in my hand. â€Å"Silver bullets.† I shook my head. That’d be the day. I could see myself trying to explain why my rifle was loaded with silver – to Clyde, to Bozeman, to John Q. Public, even to Mandenauer. They’d lock me up and throw away the key. I’d take my chances with the lead variety, thank you. My radio crackled. â€Å"Jessie?† The new dispatcher. Why hadn’t she just shouted for me? She had to know I was three doors down the hall. I got up and walked to the front of the building. She appeared frazzled; the buttons on her switchboard were lit up like a meteor shower. Someone was chattering into her headphones. I could hear them from five feet away. I glanced into Clyde’s office. He was taking a call and, if the wide sweeps of his hands and the scowl on his face were any indication, he was in the middle of an argument. â€Å"Jessie!† The dispatcher beckoned. â€Å"I need you to go out on a call.† â€Å"I’m off.† â€Å"Nuh-uh.† I raised a brow and glanced at her name tag. She wasn’t wearing one. Zee must not think the kid would last through the day. She waved a hand at the switchboard. â€Å"We just got slammed. There’s a three-car pileup on the highway and a domestic disturbance on Grand. I sent everyone available; then another call came in.† She bit her lip. â€Å"Clyde said if I disturbed him I should find another job.† I glanced into his office again. He was still arguing. He caught me staring and turned his back. Odd. â€Å"Fine.† I saw my blueberry bagel and cool soothing sheets slipping away, but there was nothing I could do about it. â€Å"Where and what?† She beamed. â€Å"The university. One of the professors’offices was ransacked.† â€Å"Whose?† I asked, but I already knew. How to cite Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 13, Essay examples

Role Concepts in Health Care for Diversity - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theRole Concepts in Health Care for Cultural Diversity. Answer: Introduction Cultural diversity has engulfed all the aspects of life in the modern life. It is clear that the world is found on the basis of different cultures. These cultures affect how people operate ranging from their family matters to their workplaces. Cultural diversity as an existing factor epitomizes the fact that not all the people are the same rather; individuals originate from different backgrounds. These backgrounds might be associated with the ethnic origins, the regions, religious beliefs, and family ties among others (Mazur, 2010). The significance of cultures across the world and its impact on the workplaces has been evident in almost every practices carried. The dynamic associated with the cultural practices invites a deeper understanding of the different cultures and their significance. Every country has its major cultural practices. The people available make the cultural practices unique from the others. Furthermore, cultural diversity is also associated with the organizational practices in business scenarios whereby, an organization creates a set of practices which it identifies with and with which all the employees have to adhere to. It is therefore, significant to note that, cultural diversity at work places may be expressed in a variety of ways starting from the communication patterns of the people within the work environment, their ethnicity, race, religion and sexual orientation among others. Hence multiculturalism represents a group of people from the different societies or cultures; who may coexist within a common work environment. Cultural diversity is an acceptable factor in the organizational set ups, since no single culture exists alone in this world. However, some cultural practices may not have certain universally accepted standards of measuring the viability of cultural practices. Cultural elements such as the language, the symbols and beliefs among others are generally used to elaborate the diversity in general terms. The Health Beliefs and Practices From a cultural point of view, there are a series of health beliefs and practices that are carried out across different cultures. The perceptions about different cultural practices vary from a group of people to another group of people. Cultural health beliefs determine how a person is supposed to express their concerns or illness. Some cultures for instance require that a person should not publicly express their emotions when under severe pains as it may go against the societal cultural norms and beliefs. Health beliefs and practices refer to those specific medical actions carried out by different people depending on the cultural background in which they belong. For instance, in birth and early infancy, there is a varied cultural belief regarding the mothers acceptable time to remain indoors and the appropriate time within which the mother can move freely out. Some cultures require that mothers stay secluded indoors for a certain period of time without coming out. These may also involve the feeding patterns, the close care of the umbilicus and circumcision among others. In an attempt to prevent incidences of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the American Academy of Pediatrics kicked off the campaign a back to sleep campaign which encouraged mothers to have their infants sleep separately. However, majority of black women within the US still share beds with their young children because they consider it culturally acceptable (American Academy of Pediatrics , n.d.). Traditional healing has also been significantly on the rise in which is generally termed as the folklore medicine. Some people are considering it as alternative to the modern medication. Some cultures have strongly embraced the folk medicine, and the general feeling that it works according to them, and the pediatrics have been encouraged to respect the patients medical beliefs that may not be parallel to what the modern medication entails. Family Patterns The family structure and the formation is a very important in decision making process, compliance and the effective medical results. The family provides a foundation for provision of care in relation to the medical and the patient care. It is fundamental to appreciate the diversity of the family patterns across the different cultural set ups. It is also important to note that most family roles are tailored according to genders within the family. Some cultures have specific perceptions about certain genders of people. Women and men play specific cultural roles depending on the urgency and the appropriateness of their roles. Women have been majorly singled out to hold a crucial role in monitoring the adolescent patients. They are regarded in some cultures as the focal of point of communication through which all the activities are kick started. The roles of women however differ from one culture to another. Their significance also differs from one culture to another culture. In most traditional African societies, most women are considered to be below the men on the social radar. However, they are the main source of traditional healing, provide midwifery services, and carry out circumcision and other medical care. Similarly, the roles of men differ across cultures. It is traditionaly believed across most cultures that men assume tougher societal roles as compared to women, however, some cultures have actively seen women assuming the roles of men and carrying out what the men ought to have performed. It is a common cultural practice in the African American mothers to assume the roles of the men. They may leave the children with their grandparents and go to look for work. Generally, there is a great feeling of male superiority in most cultures, a situation which affects decision making processes, for example, in the event of sexual encounter; a woman may not have the power to suggest the use of condoms as a protective measure. Communication Style Cultural diversity is greatly explained by the communication processes which come inform of different languages for oral communication, gestures, and traditional means such as use of smokes to send signals; facial expression and written communications among others. Cultural diversity also means that there are variety of communication styles and the communication contexts. The differences are also explained by the cultural beliefs and approaches within specific societies. Some cultures have a way of communicating which may totally differ from the other cultures. Communication styles employed across different cultures depend on the context within which it is carried out. Language is the primary factor and the entrance to the culture. Workplaces are characterized by different linguistic styles. There is always a need for the use of a common language that may be used across all the people within the workplace. However, dealing with the differences in language should always be a priority at workplaces, since the language is the most dynamic element of cultures as it varies from one culture to another. Traditionally, the methods of communication and the communication styles were affected by the contexts, urgency and the role of that communication among others. It is more common in clinical medicine for the clinicians to have their own coded language, which is understandable between them than any other person involved. Communication styles such as the coded professional language full of jargon are only meant for the professionals involved. Additionally, communication styles are employed in organizational set ups whereby there is upward and the downward communication between the top management and the junior staff. It is however important to stress on the simplicity of the communication process regardless of the communication style, one employs. Death and Dying Practices The death rituals and beliefs are largely known to be shaped by the culture. Every culture has its own perception and position about death and the rituals accompanying it. Pediatricians are often faced with various challenges in regards to the relying of information of severely ill patients to their families, the intentional termination of hospice machines, all the integrity issues regarding the dying person and all other integrity life issues surrounding them (Gordon M. , 2015). The death and dying practices within several cultures revolves around determining who controls the body after dying and how the body should be approached. Some cultures differ on how the above mentioned factors should be adopted. In religious terms, Islamic religion believes in quick burials of their dead people which take a maximum of one day to avoid going against their Islamic laws. Similarly some cultures believe in preserving of the body as way of remembering, and giving a deserved send-off. Culturally, the families of the dead are in most cases accepted to have full control of the dead person at all levels (Gordon T. , 2011). The occurrence of death is always devastating news in most societies. It is therefore important to assess the extent of the effects which can be effectively provided by healthcare professionals towards the affected families. This moment calls for family gathering and reflection for some cultures to determine what went wrong and rectify on the ways which are deemed detrimental to societal norms (Carteret, Cultural Aspects of Death and Dying, n.d.). Dying practices also invites for the adoption of control measures that aim at reducing the possibility of death occurrence. It a common practice carried out in different contexts even within clinics to asses fatalism and adopt measures that greatly prevent the possibility of the repeat cases. Culturally, it is about reflecting about where everything might have gone wrong. Conclusion Cultural diversity at work places inevitably affects how every operation is carried out. There are a lot of influencing factors in determining the outcomes of the cultural influence on most activities carried out at the workplace (Carteret, n.d.). I have discussed the influence of health beliefs and practices, which are practiced within the cultural concept. While cultural diversity is an inevitable part of the workplaces, it brings both the positive and negative sides. For instance, having a culturally diverse workplace enables free expression of peoples opinions, suggestions and the free interactions. It may also facilitate adoption and acceptance of other peoples cultural practices and the point of views. However, most people tend to believe in what they have or their beliefs are superior to other people. Hence, it is not always common that every person appreciates the cultural origin or the cultural point of view which differs with what they believe and conform to. Cultural misunderstanding may be a major problem associated with cultural diversity at the workplaces. Working environment with full of conflicting cultural beliefs will most probably erupt in possible disagreements and misunderstandings. On the other hand the modern day nursing profession has seen a significant change in generation gaps. It is believed that the veteran nurses who are elderly in age and the middle aged know how to communicate well to the patients unlike younger nurses. There is a greater need for the older nurses to teach the new generation nurses on the importance of good communication in the nursing profession. Similarly, the cultural notion of professional stereotyping does not bode well with the cultural diversity at work places. It is commonly believed that, every nurse is most likely to be a woman, which is one of the few lowdown that may tarnish the role of the cultural diversity at the work places (Szymanowicz Furnham, 2013). References American Academy of Pediatrics . (n.d.). Health Beliefs and Practices. Available at: https://www.aap.org/en-us/professional-resources/practice-transformation/managing-patients/Pages/Chapter-2.aspx Carteret, M. (n.d.). Cultural Aspects of Death and Dying. Dimensions of Culture. Available at: https://www.dimensionsofculture.com/2010/11/cultural-aspects-of-death-and-dying/ Carteret, M. (n.d.). Culture and Family Dynamics. Dimensions of Culture. Available at: https://www.dimensionsofculture.com/2010/11/culture-and-family-dynamics/ Gordon, M. (2015). Rituals in Death and Dying: Modern Medical Technologies Enter the Fray. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal . Gordon, T. (2011). Negotiations with death and dying: contemporary Jewish mourning rituals. Fields/Terrains. , 56-70. Mazur, B. (2010). Cultural Diversity in Organisational Theory and Practice. Journal of Intercultural Management , 5-15. Szymanowicz, A., Furnham, A. (2013). Gender and Gender Role Differences in Self- and Other-Estimates of Multiple Intelligences. The Journal of Social Psychology , 399423.

The Feminist Power and Structure in Canada

Canada has been characterized by a political dissension for a long time. This has been in practice through various movements that have taken place from the liberalism to conservatism, through socialism of various social movements. Feminists as presented in this discussion means the group of women who view discrimination as often a cause of inequalities, and as the major participant in the current political systems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Feminist Power and Structure in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the fight against inequalities in Canada, women have therefore found their way into the political system. Through the struggles that Canadian women face in politics, there is clear evidence that extra efforts have to be invested. Radical feminists in Canada have at the same time rejected the already existing authority structures, therefore the term. Consequently, the term politics is however b road in its definition by the fact that it goes beyond the political gatherings and parties and the law making structure. The following discussion is therefore inclusive of the feminist power as well as structure and power in Canada. Although politics in Canada have been known to be male dominated, women have on the other hand not been left behind on the same. Thesis Statement The Feminist’s struggles are apparent in Canada, although there are hindrances that have to be overcome for women to be adequately represented in the social-political world. Politics appears to be one of the remedies to achieve social change and improve gender parity in the nation. Radical feminist standardized norms have found their way into the state politics, while they are under the umbrella of different coalition organizations in Canada. These include the NAC, and the Action Group that are composed of women (Andrew and Tremblay 22). However, there have been arguments which have always opposed the w omen movements but radical, social and liberal feminist have stood on the ground arguing that if there is any societal change to be achieved in Canada, then there should first be an occurrence of change in the way of living as well as the way of reason. This paper will examine the issue of women underrepresentation in relation to the Canadian politics, the challenges and the necessary measures that have to be put to place to achieve gender parity in the political arena.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Political Marginalization of Women Although women compose almost fifty percent of the entire Canadian population, their representation in office is marginalized with just twenty percent of legislators, twenty five percent cabinet ministers and not more than ten percent of the party officials. This makes it certain that gender underrepresentation is real in Canada. The issue is a voided by not only the public officials but also the media (Trimble Arscot xiv). It is clear that women in Canada have been for a long time been marginalized, thus it has not been possible enough to use small groups in the political arena where there is a need for consideration of the collaborative structures. To start with, it is important to look at the historical background in reference to feminist power, structure, and politics in Canada. It is clearly evidenced that there has been a great current liberal feminism, which has come from the systematic coercion of women in Canada as women were regulated to the home spheres. The social patriarch forced women to dominate on the private lives at home, thus there was no room for them to go public in power or else politics. In 1960s, the feminist activities in Canada held a new forward motion in reference to social modification where they emphasized on the obliteration of the so called patriarch rule structure. Out of the adaptations o f the feminist doctrine in Canada therefore, women’s movement led to an increment in the legislative representation in the family dynamics as well as their reconfigurations. There were no much expectations of the re-emerging of the women’s movement in the 1960’s in reference to political stability bearing in mind the economic status of Canada after the prosperous postwar. In Canada, there had been a tradition where women felt a bit secure if just one woman was found present in federal legislative body. For Instance, the government established the Royal Commission on the Status of Women in nineteen seventy followed by the Women’s Program in nineteen seventy three under the secretary of state. The Women’s program dedicated its finances particularly to the women’s groups to improve their standards of living. By the year nineteen eighty five, the parliament reviewed the Canada Assistance Plan Act and replaced it with Canada Health and Social Tra nsfer which drastically reduced funding to among other social services, the care giving services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Feminist Power and Structure in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It also adjusted the insurance scheme regarding employment which resulted in women being left out. All these factors contributed to poor living standards for women since most of them could not work. Thus, by nineteen sixty seven a third of unmarried women were wallowing in poverty while by nineteen ninety five, the figure had hiked to fifty six percent. However, the government established a new ministry recognized as a Minister of women’s Equality having awarded eight million dollars between nineteen ninety six up to nineteen ninety seven which was five million dollars less than that awarded from the year nineteen eighty nine till then. Unfortunately, the National Action Committee on the Status of Women sacked almost every staff which meant the future was uncertain for Canadian women by this time unlike in other nations where women were significantly represented in the government. For instance, the Scandinavian nations had women representation of thirty percent. This reflects fact that the Canada did not adequately embrace the social dynamics that had occurred earlier and which accelerated the women to acquire leadership (Kramarae Spender 1602). Feminist Theories in Relation to the Canadian Politics Feminist theories have been known to play a very significant role in the Canadian women politics, which include: liberal, socialist, and radical theories of feminism. The structure of these three theories is similar even though their methodologies happen to be different. All of the theories have a common goal of the improvement of the social status of the Canada women, their economic progression as well as the political arena in relation to women. Liberal feminism theory principle is based on the promotion of freedom which is supposed to be enjoyed by all women in addition to equality which should be achieved by all autonomously. In this theory, sexual discrimination is not at all accepted by the fact that women are denied equal rights. Therefore, this makes it hard for them to peruse individual self interest.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though there have been great efforts which have been put in place by the liberal feminist for the entire freedom of women, they are slightly less meticulous since these feminist still hold the idea on all political decisions being made within the official political process as prescribed by the Canada constitution. In reference to the structures of the decision making, liberal theory does not see the need for the change or modifications far from them that are affected in the idea of women inclusion on equality. Therefore, there is a room which is created by this theory where men have more room in the social structures for any feminist change to occur in the female counterparts. The structure of decision making or any formation of law is just in the men’s hands for the continual governance of women in its rule. Out of the inadequacy in the liberal theory, socialist theory came into existence in the attempts of meeting the inadequacies (Maclvor 40). Socialist theory is the second feminist theory which held a big part to play in women and politics in Canada in reference to power, structure and politics. The argument which is based in the socialist theory is the need to attain economic means as well as the power to enjoy the economic means for the entire attainment of the political liberalism. For a long time women in Canada had and still experience oppression even though there are changes which have been made out of the efforts of the movements. They therefore experienced alienation especially in the work force, subordinate working levels as compared to that of men, and the domestic labor as house wives. Socialist feminists argued that there was a need for women to go public as much as they carried the greater part of the private lives. Private life involved laboring under the domestic context in which it was not possible to determine the appropriate monetary value. Therefore there was a great need to have social changes (Maclvor 26). The social change s were to provide substitutes to the capitalist production and the construct in the family set-up. This position led to the manifestation of the third theory which agreed upon the analysis prepared by the socialist feminist in respect to social-economic status which was held by women – Radical feminism. Radical feminism theory was spawned as a result of the disillusionment, which was created in politics. Women came into realization that they were only being exploited just for sexual purposes. According to the radical feminists, what was referred as private and individual was not just that but it was also political. This was an attempt of signifying the real individual experiences which were current in the Canada patriarch families which underprivileged women. Some of these experiences included: rapes, wife abuse, and gender stereotyping. Even though there were great efforts which were put by the radical feminists on what is referred to as personal to be made public, the Canad ian regime could not allow it. This is because it sought public interventions in matters relating to rape cases or even sexual abuse which happened mostly in the family set-up. Socialist theory focus on the daily life politics just the same way as the radical feminist in the notion of private spheres such as sexual analysis which is different from liberal theory( Maclvor 45). The daily experiences which Canadian women went through such as rape and wife abuse within the family, perpetuated more oppression to the women. Basically, this was because the family was politically protected from undergoing any scrutiny in the argument of maintaining privacy within the family. The radical feminists were however determined to bring out domestic violence in politics – public set up. Men held powers which were supported legally to control women in labor and other social spheres. Thus the radical feminist felt that there was a need to overturn these powers. Liberal Democracy and Feminist T heories Putting in to comparison of the feminist theories and the current liberal democracy, there is a lot of which can be drawn to be similar. In the understanding liberal democracy which is a structure that is referred to as representative democracy, the elected representatives only hold decisive powers that are moderated constitutionally. In the constitutional set up, there is more emphasis on promoting individual liberties as well as the minority rights and equality just to name a few. Basing on this description of liberal democracy therefore, it holds more of qualities in the state of promoting the minority tyranny in which the above three theories emphasized on. Ultimate ideal, which is common in liberal democracy and feminist theories is their desire to achieve all rights of life and freedom with the promotion of dignity and a considerable moral worth to all. The whole idea to embark their steps on forward is based on the fact that liberalism principles in both cases are not meant to limit specific rights which should be provided to the specific rights in opposition to the majority. Just as the way feminist theories received mixed criticism, current liberal democracy is also faced with the same problem. When pluralism and diversity accommodation is put into place, Canadians still remain in the state of ambivalent. Both feminist theories and the liberal democracy have a greater role in place in reference to autonomy as well as the diversity on the enlightenment of women and the necessity to the accommodate the differences in the political set up. Following the same route of feminist theories, feminists have tried for a long time to fight for equality without full achievement, and therefore, this kind of life seems normal and natural in Canadian context. Likewise, liberal democracy seems to take the same in reference to pluralism together with diversity. Basing on these two systems – liberal democracy and feminist theories efforts, it seems as tho ugh Canada in one way or another has already accommodated power along with inequality to rule and govern the nation. Canadian Politics from a Global Perspective When Canada is compared world widely, there is full evidence that more than twenty percent of the Canadian women at a considerable level enjoy political freedom. Currently legal equalities have been practiced to some extent as well as the improvement of the economic opportunities for women. All these advantages have been achieved as a result product of women’s activism which happened over decades and still is ongoing. Essential political freedoms such as voting rights, being in office run, and also the consideration of Canadian woman as a â€Å"person† basically under law were achieved when the feminist insisted that women have equal qualifications to that of men and held the capability of leading a democratic life in Canada. Putting into consideration of the above factors, it would seem reasonable enough for o ne to expect a greater women representation in politics globally which is not the case. Despite the progress which women have made in relation to education, workforce, and public life contribution, their political interests do not exceed those of men and at the same time they are less knowledgeable as compared to men in the official political field. By the fact that men remain the preponderance in the political arena of Canada, there has been a subtle message that has always been sent to women by the political leaders which means that the world seems close for women. Current Political Trends and Challenges in Canada Focusing in today’s Canadian politics there has been accommodation lines which have occurred within the women which have led into a significant division in the nations and subordination by the minority communities. Women in Canada have therefore played a very significant role on promotion of politics which involves pluralism and the rights of the minority. In rela tion to the recent studies which are related to women’s leadership, the political representation is much subjective to the economic circumstances which affects in the decisive aspect of whether there are enough reasons unto why a woman should stand in the elected office as a candidate. In Canada, politician’s responsibility is viewed to carry more weight in the capacity of a patron rather than an administrator. This has on the other hand led to many women not putting their names as candidates as it is an aspect that proves to be a challenge to women. It also attests to be a block by the fact that not many of the local elite are always willing to change especially when it comes to the time of recruiting nominees’ thus male competitors always find their way forward. Exploring further in a more detailed way on the challenges which are faced by Canadian women in politics, there is a need for cultural change which will promote the desire of more women to run for offi ce and emerging as winners. The cultural role of child rearing responsibility which is highly left only to the women proves to be a major challenge for women involvement in politics. Canada’s social and cultural expectation for women demands them to be with their child which acts as a hindrance for the involvement of the women into the federal politics. It is clearly evidenced in that Canada’s members of parliament spend at least thirty two weeks per year without their children since they leave for Ottawa, five days per week and go back in their respective constituencies over the weekends where they still hold some office hours and participate in constituency events. Party nomination as illustrated earlier in this discussion proves to be another challenge for the women involvement in politics. Since one has to be nominated first before he or she enters into party politics, the winnable seats are never open to give a chance to the new candidates while the few that are o pened, financial barrier proves to be a challenge in most of the women wanting to get into federal politics. In Canada, political nature has never been friendly especially to women because of the confrontations experienced which turns to be an aspect that lacks in women as compared to that of men who usually find the confrontation as a means of up-man-ship . Media has a greater role when it comes to this in the many questions that are asked to the politicians, a life that is referred to as fish bowl life. Women are always presented in relation to how they dress, how good are their body shape and structure, hair styles and their voice where these issues becomes the first on news coverage, as aspect which is not done to men. Women still prove to be a challenge in politics through their unwillingness to run positions in office. Unwillingness is viewed as a challenge because it has led to few women to come forward in politics however how much the blame is pushed to Canadian culture on m ale counterparts. Conversely, there are women who are said to have the interest in respect to office run, but they face a challenge of not being inclined on the need to step forward. Rather they always wait for the time that they will be asked to do so. To curb this challenge there is a need for the political parties to form committees which their sole responsibility would be on encouraging the women candidates who seem to be well qualified. At the same time, many women hold little interest in pursuit of the political careers. Despite the above challenges that Canada women face in politics, women have continued to involve themselves in politics, an act that can be termed as â€Å"miracle happenings.† It is also necessary to understand on what happens once they find themselves elected in the provincial legislature and other political positions. The big question lies on whether once these women attain political position do they make their way in changing representative institut ions or in one way or another are they forced to incorporate the exiting overriding political culture, thus struggling at least to achieve their credibility in an environment which is considered to be hostile? In the attempt of answering this question, once women attain these positions, they have reported to be discriminated by their male counterparts. At the same time, many are said to be dissatisfied when they are elected as they consider political life to be more frustrating. For that reason, the future progress of women in politics in Canada seems to take a state of a fate which cannot be explained putting into considerations that they have not achieved a better position in politics yet. Recommendations It is hard to acquire total equality in Canada, but no one can negate the fact that it is a desirable aspect. Women in Canada have made great effort in the fight for equality despite the minimal progress, which is an act that needs to be acknowledged. Around twenty percent of wom en are always elected in the parliament since 1993. It is clear that women account to around fifty two percentage of the total population in Canada which is an approximate of twenty one percent of the municipal councils and legislatures. Canada has enjoyed economic stability with fewer women who are elected, but on the political representation in the international set-up, Canada ranks 47th on the elections which took place 2007. Women are known to hold more care in different issues through the polling data which has been consistently done thus calling for equality where women should be given chances to hold the same positions just as men – a desirable thing. Moreover, equality is important in decision making for the purpose of empowering women so as to bring about successful production of the public policies. The critical mass is needed in which the largest populations in Canada are women. For the Canadian democracy to be deemed legitimate then, it has to represent at least a half of the entire population which is composed of women. There should therefore be a genuine partnership in gender where to some extent Canada has made some efforts in the adoption of the charter which is composed of the rights as well as freedom for all (Andrew and Tremblay 290). Women have experienced different barriers in Canada politics thus calling for the breaking down of these blockades through the implementation of action policies by the regimes as well as the political parties. Political party leaders should at the same time holds political will and improve in their commitment which it is one tool which is necessary for the promotion of equality. Political recruitment of the women candidates should be provided by their political parties so as to support them in running winnable positions. For the political equality in support of women to occur, it necessitates all parties to address the historical problem of inequality and identify the relevant processes which are necessa ry in working them. Promoting changes in the representation of women in politics and their involvements, will not only improve the welfare of women in Canada, but will also develop the opportunities to others who are underrepresented. To solve this issue, electoral reforms are essential in Canada to ensure equal opportunities for women. This could be achieved through proportional chances for both men and women. Women programs in Canada propose that there should be a review on Canadian Human Rights Act (CHRA) to incorporate social aspects and include women as a legally deprived group (Kramarae Spender 1602). Out of this, there will also be a benefit of a healthier political system which is democratic in not only Canada but in other nations around the world. Conclusion There is still a long path for women for the attainment of equality on the political assembly. Out of feminist efforts, there has been improvement in the political aspects in Canada even though at a slower rate. Some o f the achievements include the creation of women programs, which were meant to improve the Canadian women way of living. Out of their efforts there was also a position which was created of a minister whose responsibility was to promote women’s equality. Through women movements, many women have been led in politics where they have acquired official positions. Some policies such those dealing with child care have also been put in place. A line can be drawn out of the clear evidences that gender representation in politics in reference to Canada has for a long time been an issue. There has never been an achievement of gender parity in the political history of Canada, yet women represent the larger population but they do not hold equal position in politics with men. Despite the challenges in Canada politics which are faced by women some of them are already in politics and many desire to get into it. What pushes women in the desire of being in the political assembly is the need to make changes in the party nomination processes, media coverage, and parliament operations which are all require a cultural change. Therefore, there is a great need for the Canadian women to be in politics so as to secure several parliamentary seats to facilitate for the necessary adjustments. To sum it all, politics have been downgraded far beyond what was referred to as an important profession by the Canadians. However, there is a great need for a better regime which should be represented by dedicated politicians coming from both genders which can only be achieved if gender parity is valued. Works Cited Andrew, Caroline and Manon Tremblay. Representing women in parliament: a comparative study. New York: Taylor Francis, 2006. Print. Andrew, Caroline and Manon Tremblay. Women and political representation in Canada. Mexico: University of Ottawa Press, 1998. Print. Andrew, Caroline. Electing a Diverse Canada: The Representation of Immigrants, Minorities, and Women. London: UBC Press, 2009. Print. Bashevkin, Sylvia B. Opening doors wider: women’s political engagement in Canada. New York: UBC Press, 2009. Print. Bickerton, James. Canadian Politics. New York: University of Toronto Press, 2009. Print. Carstairs, Sharon. The culture of women and politics. 2005. 29 January 2011. Web Cooper, Andrew F. and Dane Rowlands. Canada Among Nations, 2005: Split Images. London: McGill-Queen’s Press – MQUP, 2005. Print. Crow, Barbara A. and Lise Gotell. Open boundaries: a Canadian women’s studies reader. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004. Print. Fierlbeck, Katherine. Political thought in Canada: an intellectual history. London: University of Toronto Press, 2006. Print. Kramarae, Cheris and Dale Spender. Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Identity politics to publishing. New York: Routledge, 2000. Print. Maclvor, Heather. Women and Politics in Canada. Ontario: Broadview Press. 1996. Print. O’Connor, Karen. Gender and Womenâ€℠¢s Leadership: A Reference Handbook. London: SAGE, 2010. Print Sacouman, R. James, James Sacouman and Henry Veltmeyer. From the net to the Net: Atlantic Canada and the global economy. London: University of Toronto Press, 2005. Print Townshed, Juleles. C.B. Macpherson and the problem of liberal democracy. London: Edinburgh University Press, 2000. Print. Trimble, Linda and Jane Arscott. Still Counting: Women in Politics Across Canada. London: University of Toronto Press, 2008. Print. This essay on The Feminist Power and Structure in Canada was written and submitted by user Brotherhood of Evil Mutants to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Public Register essays

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Study On Gandhis Leadership Styles History Essay

Study On Gandhis Leadership Styles History Essay This essay gives an overview of various leadership types and its main focuson the situational leadership. It attempts to explain the situational leadership process with an example of Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi as a situational leader. It further explores the attributes that Mahatma Gandhi as a situational leader possesses. The essay also tries to find out various effects of situational leadership. While mentioning the positive effects of the situational leadership, it also investigates the dark side of the situational leadership. After reading the essay the readers are expected to have gained enough familiarity with this kind of leadership and at the end of the essay. Any type of organisation, country or political party runs successfully when it is piloted by a skillful and influential leader. While leaders motivate their followers, it is not the only thing leaders can do. A good leader can structure the organisation in the way he wants. He represents the culture of the organization and most importantly, it has been observed that effective leaders posses a capacity to increase the productivity of the organization. Various scholars categorize leadership styles in a different way. Lewin (1939) classifies leadership styles in three categories: Autocratic Leadership, Democratic Leadership and Delegative (Laissez-Faire) Leadership. Mohandas Gandhi was born in the western part of British-ruled India on October 2, 1869. A timid child, he was married at thirteen to a girl of the same age, Kasturbai. Following the death of his father, Gandhis family sent him to England in 1888 to study law. There, he became interested in the philosophy of nonviolence, as expressed in the Bhagavad-Gita, Hindu sacred scripture, and in Jesus Christs Sermon on the Mount in the Christian Bible. He returned to India in 1891, having passed the bar, but found little success in his attempts to practice law. Seeking a change of scenery, he accepted a position in South Africa for a year, where he assisted on a lawsuit. In South Africa, he became involved in efforts to end discrimination against the Indian minority there, which were oppressed both by the British and by the Boers, descendants of the original Dutch settlers of the region. Having intended to stay a year, he ended up remaining until 1914 (his wife and children had joined him, meanwhile, in 1896). He founded the Natal Indian Congress, which worked to further Indian interests, and commanded an Indian medical corps that fought on the British side in the Boer War (1899-1901), in which the British conquered the last independent Boer republics. After the war, Gandhis reputation as a leader grew. He became even more adamant in his personal principles, practicing sexual abstinence, renouncing modern technology, and developing satyagraha-literally, soul- force. Satyagraha was a method of non-violent resistance, often called non-cooperation, that he and his allies used to great effect against the white governments in South Africa. Their willingness to endure punishment and jail earned the admiration of people in Gandhis native India, and eventually won concessions from the Boer and British rulers. By 1914, when Gandhi left South Africa and returned to India, he was known as a holy man: people called him a Mahatma, or great soul. At this point, he was still loyal to the British Empire, but when the British cracked down on Indian civil liberties after World War I, Gandhi began to organize nonviolent protests. The Amritsar Massacre, in which British troops gunned down peaceful Indian protestors, convinced Gandhi and India of the need for self-rule, and in the early 20s Gandhi organized large-scale campaigns of non-cooperation that paralyzed the subcontinents administration-and led to his imprisonment, from 1922 to 1924. After his release, he withdrew from politics for a time, preferring to travel India, working among the peasantry. But in 1930, he wrote the Declaration of Independence of India, and then led the Salt March in protest against the British monopoly on salt. This touched off acts of civil disobedience across India, and the British were forced to invite Gandhi to London for a Round-Table Conference. Although Gandhi received a warm welcome in England, the Conference foundered on the issue of how an independent India would deal with its Muslim minority, and Gandhi withdrew from public life again. But independence could not be long delayed. The Government of India Act (1935) surrendered significant amounts of power to Indians, and the Indian National Congress clamored for more. When World War II broke out, India erupted into violence, and many nationalist leaders, including Gandhi, went to prison. After the war, the new British government wanted to get India off its hands quickly. But Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the head of the Muslim League, demanded that a separate state be created for Indias Muslims, and to Gandhis great distress, the Congress leaders and the harried British agreed. August of 1947 saw Indias attainment of independence-as well as its partition into two countries, India and Pakistan. However, neither measure served to solve Indias problems, nor the country immediately fe ll apart: Hindus and Muslims killed each other in alarming numbers while refugees fled toward the borders. Heartbroken, Gandhi tried to calm the country, but to no avail. He was assassinated by a Hindu nationalist in Delhi on January 30, 1948, and India mourned the loss of its greatest hero. Gandhis leadership style is being termed as follower-centric and that took into account existing conditions before determining the strategy. Gandhi advocated having leadership styles that were dependent on the circumstances. When Gandhi was in South Africa, he launched his protests in a suit and a tie. But when he came back to India, he thought of khadi and launched non-violent protests on a greater scale; it shows that Gandhijis leadership style was situational leadership style. (http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/gandhi/summary.html) What is Leadership? Harry S. Truman, (2003) describes leadership as the ability to get men to do what they dont like to do and like it. John Gardner, (2003) describes leadership as the process of persuasion or example by which an individual (or a leadership team) induces a group to pursue objectives held by the leader or shared by the leader and his or her followers. The reciprocal process of mobilizing, by persons with certain motives and values, various economic, political and other resources, in a context of competition and conflict, in order to realize goals independently or mutually held by both leaders and followers. (James McGregor Burns, 2003). What is Situational Leadership? Hersey and Blanchard (1988) developed a particular form of contingency theory which has become well known as situational leadership. Making the point that the appropriateness of a leadership style is a function of the situation, they focused attention on subordinate maturity as a contingent variable, by which they meant the ability and willingness of a subordinate to work without direction. Where subordinate maturity is high, a relationship-oriented style is appropriate, but where maturity is lacking a more task-oriented style will prove more effective. Situational leadership theory is one of the type of leadership theory, leadership model and leadership style that believes that different leadership style suit different situations. That is as per the situation, you should apply leadership style. Situational leadership theory assumes that the best action to be taken by a leader depends on the situation. As the situation changes, you (leader) should also quickly change the leadership style. Depending on the situation, you (leader) should adopt leadership style. A situational leadership model is also associated with situational leadership theory. The basic idea of this model is that leadership flexibility is necessary for effective leadership. It also believes that different leadership approaches are required for different situations. This model defines four leadership styles. These styles are based on how much guidance or direction the leader can give to his or her followers. Situational Leadership Model : (Ollhoff.com) The above situational leadership model is applied on the Mahatma Gandhi in order to prove that he was a situational leader. In the following passages different action, reactions and incident from the life of the Gandhi are chosen that proves him a situational leader. Leadership developed by Robert House (1971) which defines that leaders make a clear and easy path for their followers and to fulfill the goals encourage and supports them to take it. The leaders clarify the path for followers and remove the roadblocks that might stop them from attaining the goal. For laying the path for followers a leader can follow any of the given leadership behavior. First the directive leader in which the leader lets the follower know what is expected of them, schedules work to be done and give specific guidance as to how to accomplish task. When Mahatma Gandhi called up all the community who were not being treated equally and made a speech to them asking all the non Europeans to burn their passes which showed their symbol of status. By doing so he was asking government for the right to claim them as equal citizens of the empire. We can see that he was making sure the followers know what is expected from them and he gave specific guidance what and how it would be accomplished. And for scheduling he made sure there is enough public gathered so he asks his wife to encourage some female along with her. The second kind of behavior is coaching leader who tries to promote good friendly relation within the group and shows concern for the welfare of the followers. In this way during Salt march from Ahmadabad to Dandi, Gandhi had gone there quietly; it would just not have made an impact. He knew he had to create an event to make an impact and so he took his followers on a march that stirred popular imagination of the time. He had a total understanding of the human psychology and used it along with his public relation skills. By doing this Gandhi coached his followers The third kind of behavior is supportive leader who tries to promote good friendly relation within the group and shows concern for the welfare of the followers. This kind of leadership depicted takes the help of followers for day-to-day decision. Decisions include processes and task allocation. The leader facilitates decisions but the final decision is taken by the follower. The Non-cooperation movement was a significant phase of the Indian struggle for freedom from British rule. This movement, which lasted from 1920 to 1922, was led by Gandhi, and supported by the Indian National Congress. It aimed to resist British occupation of India through non-violent means. Protestors would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts, picket liquor shops, and try to uphold the values of Indian honor and integrity. The Gandhian ideals of ahisma or non-violence, and his ability to rally hundreds of thousands of common citizens towards the cause of Indian independence, were fir st seen on a large scale in this movement. Gandhiji while working for independence of India used to consult other leaders like Pandit Nehru, Gokhale, Maulana Azad who were his followers as well. The last kind of leadership behaviour according to the Path-Goal theory is achievement-oriented leader where the leader sets a challenging goal both for self improvement and work. The leader shows and expects high demonstration and has faith in the capabilities of the followers to succeed.

Frosts Use of Simple Everday Subjects :: essays papers

Frosts Use of Simple Everday Subjects "Robert Frost is a poet of genius because he could so often make his subtleties inextricable from an apparent availability." Frost uses simple everyday subjects such as nature, man, and home to get his point across in his poetry. Robert Frost was born on March 26, 1874, in San Francisco California. His father, William Prescott Frost, was a journalist who worked for the Daily Evening Post in San Francisco. His mother, Isabelle Moodie Frost, came into the United State when she was 12 years old. Frost was born a year after his parents had gotten married. After Frost's father had died in 1885, he moved with his family to New England where he attended Lawrence High School. "Frost had published several poems in the school magazine and was named class poet." "He graduated in 1892, sharing valedictorian honors with Elinor White, to whom he became engaged." Frost then went onto Dartmouth College, he ended up dropping out of school after one semester. "He instead pursued a variety of jobs , including teaching at his mothers private school and working in a textile mill. In 1894 he published a few poems in The Independent and began corresponding with its literary editor." (Bloom p.12) In December 1895 he married Elinor. "In the early years of there marriage, Frost attended Harvard as a special student but withdrew in 1899 and took up poultry farming to support his growing family. The Frost's family life, often strained by emotional and financial anxieties, was marked by a series of tragedies. Their first child, Elliott, died of cholera at age three. Another child, Elinor Bettina, died two days after birth. Of the four children who lived to adulthood, Frost's daughter Marjorie died of childbed fever at age 29, and his son Carol committed suicide at age 39. Another daughter, Irma, had to be institutionalized for mental illness, as did Frost's sister Jeanie." Frost moved with his family in 1912 to England so he could focus more on his poetry and book publication. "A Boy's Will was published by the London firm of David Nutt and Company in 1913, and was reviewed favorably by American poet and critic Ezra Pound, a highly influential figure in modernist letters. Nutt published North of Boston a year later." As Frost was continuing to write poetry, he began to pursue what would be a life long career as a part-time college teacher.

Becoming a scholar practitioner

Studying human motivation has been interesting and an adventure. Thinking about what motivates people to do the things that they do is the same as asking myself why I wake up each day to work, to go to school and to be with my family. The course on human motivation for me has become a process of self-awareness and growth.I have learned that motivation is more than just needs and drives, more than intrinsic and extrinsic, more than values and goals, but that it is a complex process that is more than the sum of its parts.Human behavior is governed by the integration of internal and external processes and in order to understand behavior, one must be able to comprehend how the internal and external processes influence the person. I now realize that to be able to understand, predict and change behavior, the most important thing to examine is what motivates and what does not motivate him/her. In the same breath, effecting change to help disadvantaged individuals take control of their lives means providing them with the motivation to do so.The ability to think and examine human motivation theories and apply it to real life situations is in effect one of the enduring traits of a scholar-practitioner. A scholar practitioner is a professional who is committed to both study and explore the field that he/she is involved with and to be able to bring that learning and knowledge to his/her practice of her profession (Beck, 1999).Thus, a scholar-practitioner in the field of clinical psychology would commit herself to research and evaluation of her profession as well as applying what she has learned to her clients which would be most beneficial for them. In the past, scholars were confined to the academe; they researched and gained esteem through their work, and the practitioners practiced and became popular through their clients.However, one begins to see that the scholar and practitioner could learn from each other and by combining research and practice, one becomes a more ef fective instrument of social change. Social change is a giant leap, but nonetheless it starts from the small steps of the scholar-practitioner, for the objective of the scholar practitioner is always for the benefit of the greater number of people, if by helping a small group of people become better persons, then this groups would be able to touch more people and in the process change is facilitated.This course has helped me appreciate the psychology of human motivation and that there are a number of ways to extend that knowledge to real life situations, so that the knowledge is put to good use and I also believe that effecting change without the appropriate knowledge and training is ineffective.I see now that if I want to pursue a life dedicated to the helping profession, I must be able to understand what matters and what motivates the person so I could be of more service to them. I can only become a scholar-practitioner if I continuously seek learning experiences and trainings tha t would keep me abreast of the developments in my field as well as dedicating myself to seek new knowledge and new understanding of human behavior through research.Moreover, I need to translate that knowledge into my practice and therefore be able to give my clients the help they need and empowering them to take control of their lives and become agents of change in their own way. Reference Beck, L. G. (1999). Metaphors of educational community: An analysis of the images that reflect and influence scholarship and practice. Educational Administration Quarterly, 35; 19, 13-45.

Cloud Computing White Paper Essays

Cloud Computing White Paper Essays Cloud Computing White Paper Essay Cloud Computing White Paper Essay Cloud computing is a â€Å"newsworthy† term in the IT industry in recent times and it is here to stay! Cloud computing is not a technology, or even a set of technologies – it’s an idea. Cloud computing is not a standard defined by any standards organization. Basic understanding for Cloud: â€Å"Cloud† represents the Internet; Instead of using applications installed on your computer or saving data to your hard drive, you’re working and storing stuff on the Web.Data is kept on servers and used by the service you’re using; tasks are performed in your browser using an interface/ console provided by the service. A credit card and internet access is all you need to make an investment in technology. Business will find it easier than ever to provision technology services without the involvement of IT. There are many definitions available in the market for Cloud Computing but we have aligned it with NIST publication and with our understanding.NIST def ines cloud computing by describing five essential characteristics, three cloud service models, and fur cloud deployment models. Cloud Computing is a self service which is on demand, Elastic, Measured, Multi-tenant, Pay per use, Cost-effective and efficient. It is the access of data, software applications, and ad computer processing power through a cloud or a group of many on line/demand resources. Tasks are assigned to a combination of connections, software and services accessed over a network. This network of servers and connections is collectively known as â€Å"the cloud. Cloud service delivery is divided among three fundamental classifications referred as the â€Å"SPI Model. † Cloud computing  is the delivery of computing and storage capacity  Ã‚  as a service  to a community of end-recipients. The name comes from the use of a cloud-shaped symbol  as an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it contains in system diagrams. Cloud computing entrusts services w ith a users data, software and computation over a network. There are three types of cloud computing: * Infrastructure as a Service  (IaaS), * Platform as a Service  (PaaS), and Software asd a Service  (SaaS). The business model,  IT as a service  (ITaaS), is used by in-house, enterprise IT organizations that offer any or all of the above services. Using software as a service, users also rent application software and databases. The  cloud providers  manage the infrastructure and platforms on which the applications run. End users access cloud-based  applications  through a  web browser  or a light-weight desktop or  mobile app  while the business software  and users data are stored on servers at a remote location.Proponents claim that cloud computing allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and enables IT to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable busine ss demand. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and  economies of scale  similar to a  utility  (like the  electricity grid) over a network. At the foundation of cloud computing is the broader concept of  converged infrastructure and  shared services.The origin of the term  cloud computing  is obscure, but it appears to derive from the practice of using drawings of stylized clouds to denote networks in diagrams of computing and communications systems. The word  cloud  is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the standardized use of a cloud-like shape to denote a network on telephony schematics and later to depict the Internet in  computer network diagrams  as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it represents. The cloud symbol was used to represent the Internet as early as 1994.In the 1990s,  telecommunications companies  who previously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offe ring  virtual private network  (VPN) services with comparable quality of service but at a much lower cost. By switching traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit, they were able to utilize their overall network bandwidth more effectively. The cloud symbol was used to denote the demarcation point between that which was the responsibility of the provider and that which was the responsibility of the users. Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover servers as well as the network infrastructure.The underlying concept of cloud computing  dates  back to the 1950s; when large-scale  mainframe  became available in  academia  and corporations, accessible via  thin clients  /  terminal  computers. Because it was costly to buy a mainframe, it became important to find ways to get the greatest return on the investment in them, allowing multiple users to share both the physical access to the computer from multiple terminals as well as to share the  CPU  time, eliminating periods of inactivity, which became known in the industry as  time-sharing.As computers became more prevalent, scientists and technologists explored ways to make large-scale computing power available to more users through time sharing, experimenting with algorithms to provide the optimal use of the infrastructure, platform and applications with prioritized access to the CPU and efficiency for the end users. John McCarthy  opined in the 1960s that computation may someday be organized as a  public utility. Almost all the modern-day characteristics of cloud computing (elastic provision, provided as a utility, online, illusion of infinite supply), the comparison to the electricity industry and the use of public, private, government, and community forms, were thoroughly explored in  Douglas Parkhill’s 1966 book,  The Challenge of the Computer Utility. Other scholars have shown that cloud computings roots go all the way back to the 1950s when scientist  Herb Grosch  (the author of Groschs law) postulated that the entire world would operate on dumb terminals powered by about 15 large data centers.Due to the expense of these powerful computers, many corporations and other entities could avail themselves of computing capability through time sharing and several organizations, such as GEs GEISCO, IBM subsidiary The Service Bureau Corporation, Tymshare (founded in 1966), National CSS (founded in 1967 and bought by Dun ;amp; Bradstreet in 1979), Dial Data (bought by Tymshare in 1968), and  Bolt, Beranek and Newman  marketed time sharing as a commercial venture.The ubiquitous availability of high capacity networks, low cost computers and storage devices as well as the widespread adoption of  hardware virtualization,  service-oriented architecture, autonomic, and utility computing have led to a tremendous growth in cloud computing. After the  dot-com bubble,  Amazon  played a key role in the development of cloud computing by mod ernizing their  data centers, which, like most  computer networks, were using as little as 10% of their capacity at any one time, ust to leave room for occasional spikes. Having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements whereby small, fast-moving two-pizza teams could add new features faster and more easily, Amazon initiated a new product development effort to provide cloud computing to external customers, and launched Amazon Web Service (AWS)  on a utility computing basis in 2006. [14][15] In early 2008,  Eucalyptus  became the first open-source, AWS API-compatible platform for deploying private clouds.In early 2008,  OpenNebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds. In the same year, efforts were focused on providing quality of service  guarantees (as required by real-time interac tive applications) to cloud-based infrastructures, in the framework of the IRMOS European Commission-funded project, resulting to a real-time cloud environment.By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them  and observed that organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models so that the projected shift to computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas. On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the  Smarter Computing  framework to support Smarter Planet.Among the various components of the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud computing is a critical piece. In 2012, Dr. Biju John and Dr. Souheil Khaddaj describe the cloud as a  virtualized,  semantic source of information: Cloud computing is a universal collection of data which extends over the i nternet in the form of resources (such as information hardware, various platforms, services etc. ) and forms individual units within the virtualization environment. Held together by infrastructure providers, service providers and the consumer, then it is semantically accessed by various users.Cloud computing shares characteristics with: * Autonomic computing  - Computer systems capable of  self-management. * Client–server model  -   Client–server computing  refers broadly to any  distributed application that distinguishes between service providers (servers) and service requesters (clients). * Grid computing  - A form of  distributed  and  parallel computing, whereby a super and virtual computer is composed of a  cluster  of networked,  loosely coupled  computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks. * Mainframe computer  - Powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data proce ssing such as  census, industry and consumer statistics, police and secret intelligence services,  enterprise resource planning, and financial  transaction processing. * Utility computing  - The packaging of  computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity. * Peer-to-peer  - Distributed architecture without the need for central coordination, with participants being at the same time both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the traditional client–server model). * Cloud gaming   Also called On-demand gaming is a way of delivering to games to computers. The gaming data will be stored in the providers server, so that gaming will be independent of client computers used to play the game. The attributes of Cloud Networking are: Scalable:  Cloud Networks scale to thousands of nodes and provide a non-blocking fabric across the entire cloud. * Low Latency: Latency i s key to improving application performance. The network needs to provide ultra-low latency in a large-scale environment. * Guaranteed Delivery: The cloud must provide predictable and reliable performance to a large number services, including HPC applications, web, video and data. * Extensible Management: Cloud Networks cross all traditional boundaries between servers, enterprise networks, and service provider networks.They need to be managed in a  hybrid  environment, often with customizations that are unique to that individual deployment. The management of the network needs to be extensible and customizable to allow such applications. * Self-Healing Resiliency: With larger scale, networks become much more critical and faults need to be contained and healed automatically. Arista Networks offers a unique Cloud Networking Platform that meet the above requirements. Please see our Products amp; Services sections for more information.In early 2008,  Eucalyptus  became the first o pen-source, AWS API-compatible platform for deploying private clouds. In early 2008,  Open Nebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds. [19]  In the same year, efforts were focused on providing quality of service  guarantees (as required by real-time interactive applications) to cloud-based infrastructures, in the framework of the IRMOS European Commission-funded project, resulting to a real-time cloud environment.By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them  and observed that organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models so that the projected shift to computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other a reas. On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the  Smarter Computing framework to support Smarter Planet.Among the various components of the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud computing is a critical piece. In 2012, Dr. Biju John and Dr. Souheil Khaddaj incorporated the semantic term into the cloud Cloud computing is a universal collection of data which extends over the internet in the form of resources (such as information hardware, various platforms, services etc. ) and forms individual units within the virtualization environment. Held together by infrastructure providers, service providers and the consumer, then it is semantically accessed by various users. (CLUSE 2012), Bangalore, April 2012 Cloud computing is all the rage. Its become the phrase du jour, says Gartner senior analyst Ben Pring, echoing many of his peers. The problem is that (as with Web 2. 0) everyone seems to have a different definition. As a metaphor for the Internet, the cloud is a familiar cliche, but when combin ed with computing, the meaning gets bigger and fuzzier. Some analysts and vendors define cloud computing narrowly as an updated version of utility computing: basically  virtual servers  available over the Internet. Others go very broad, arguing anything you consume outside the firewall is in the cloud, including conventional  outsourcing.Cloud computing comes into focus only when you think about what IT always needs: a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure,  training  new personnel, or licensing new software. Cloud computing encompasses any subscription-based or pay-per-use service that, in real time over the Internet, extends ITs existing capabilities. Cloud computing is at an early stage, with a motley crew of providers large and small delivering a slew of cloud-based services, from full-blown applications to storage services to spam filtering.Yes, utility-style infrastructure providers are part of the mix, but so are  SaaS (software as a service)  providers such as Salesforce. com. Today, for the most part, IT must plug into cloud-based services individually, but cloud computing aggregators and integrators are already emerging. InfoWorld talked to dozens of vendors, analysts, and IT customers to tease out the various components of cloud computing. Based on those discussions, heres a rough breakdown of what cloud computing is all about: 1. SaaSThis type of cloud computing delivers a single application through the browser to thousands of customers using a multitenant architecture. On the customer side, it means no upfront investment in servers or software licensing; on the provider side, with just one app to maintain, costs are low compared to conventional hosting. Salesforce. com is by far the best-known example among enterprise applications, but SaaS is also common for HR apps and has even worked its way up the food chain to  ERP, with players such as Workday. And who could have predi cted the sudden rise of SaaS  desktop applications, such as Google Apps and Zoho Office? . Utility computing The idea is not new, but this form of cloud computing is getting new life from Amazon. com, Sun, IBM, and others who now offer storage and virtual servers that IT can access on demand. Early enterprise adopters mainly use utility computing for supplemental, non-mission-critical needs, but one day, they may replace parts of the datacenter. Other providers offer solutions that help IT create virtual datacenters from commodity servers, such as 3Teras AppLogic and Cohesive Flexible Technologies Elastic Server on Demand.Liquid Computings LiquidQ offers similar capabilities, enabling IT to stitch together memory, I/O, storage, and computational capacity as a virtualized  resource pool available over the network. 3. Web services in the cloud Closely related to SaaS, Web service providers offer APIs that enable developers to exploit functionality over the Internet, rather than de livering full-blown applications. They range from providers offering discrete business services such as Strike Iron and Xignite to the full range of APIs offered by Google Maps, ADP payroll processing, the U.S. Postal Service, Bloomberg, and even conventional credit  card processing  services. 4. Platform as a service Another SaaS variation, this form of cloud computing delivers development environments as a service. You build your own applications that run on the providers infrastructure and are delivered to your users via the Internet from the providers servers. Like Legos, these services are constrained by the vendors design and capabilities, so you dont get complete freedom, but you do get predictability and pre-integration.Prime examples include Salesforce. coms  Force. com,Coghead  and the new  Google App Engine. For extremely lightweight development, cloud-basedmashup platforms  abound, such as  Yahoo Pipes  or Dapper. net. 5. MSP (managed service providers) One of the oldest forms of cloud computing, a managed service is basically an application exposed to IT rather than to end-users, such as a virus scanning service for e-mail or an application monitoring service (which Mercury, among others, provides).Managed security services delivered by SecureWorks, IBM, and Verizon fall into this category, as do such cloud-based anti-spam services as Postini, recently acquired by Google. Other offerings include desktop management services, such as those offered by CenterBeam or Everdream. 6. Service commerce platforms A  hybrid  of SaaS and MSP, this cloud computing service offers a service hub that users interact with. Theyre most common in trading environments, such as expense management systems that allow users to order travel or secretarial services from a common platform that then coordinates the ervice delivery and pricing within the specifications set by the user. Think of it as an automated service bureau. Well-known examples include Rearden Commerce and Ariba. 7. Internet integration The integration of cloud-based services is in its early days. OpSource, which mainly concerns itself with serving SaaS providers, recently introduced the OpSource Services Bus, which employs in-the-cloud integration technology from a little startup called Boomi.SaaS provider Workday recently acquired another player in this space, CapeClear, an ESB (enterprise service bus) provider that was edging toward b-to-b integration. Way ahead of its time, Grand Central which wanted to be a universal bus in the cloud to connect SaaS providers and provide integrated solutions to customers flamed out in 2005. Today, with such cloud-based interconnection seldom in evidence, cloud computing might be more accurately described as sky computing, with many isolated clouds of services which IT customers must plug into individually.On the other hand, as virtualization and SOA permeate the enterprise, the idea of loosely coupled services running on a n agile, scalable infrastructure should eventually make every enterprise a node in the cloud. Its a long-running trend with a far-out horizon. But among big metatrends, cloud computing is the hardest one to argue with in the long term. aristanetworks. com/en/solutions http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cloud_computing infoworld. com/d/cloud-computing/what-cloud-computing-really-means-031? page=0,1